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Male fertility is a real problem and there are indications based on reports from fertility treatment registers in several countries that this is increasing. There are many possible reasons for this increase and the most plausible cause could be the increasing exposure to environment factors that are an outcome of unregulated industrialization as well as lifestyle choices. While we are now constantly warned of the effects of the constant plundering of the environment with visuals of floods and crashing icebergs, we are often oblivious of the reproductive effects of environmental pollution. One example is the evidence that has accumulated over the years into the link between sperm defects and exposure to lead which is an ingredient of common chemicals such as paints that we are exposed to on a daily basis. There are also indications of the toxic effect of agricultural chemicals such as DDT which is widely available and used in India despite a government ban. What is not clear however is the exact mechanism of action of these toxicants on the male reproductive system and modern technology does not allow us to directly link a sperm defect in any individual to a particular substance in the environment. Similarly lifestyle choices and their effects on our health are not surprising. Research does point to the toxic effects of individual lifestyle choices such as tobacco chewing and the indirect effects of decreased physical activity leading to obesity and its possible associated impact on sperm production. But it is sometimes too early to come to a conclusion as the widely publicized and controversial American study on the effects of mobile telephone signals on sperm production in rats was not easily accepted by the wider scientific community.
However research into treatment of this challenging condition has been continuing and has resulted in revolutionary new possibilities. ICSI or intracytoplasmic sperm injection had revolutionized the treatment of male fertility with the ability to use the sperm from men who have had trouble conceiving due to poor quality sperm that had defects in movement, were too few in number or had other problems not detectable by conventional microscopy. In this technique sperm are picked up with a micro-needle and placed within the oocyte. The union of the egg and sperm take place and viable embryos grow out of this union. These embryos are then deposited in the uterus resulting in healthy births in a high percentage of patients. It is reported that thousands of cases have been performed since that path breaking moment in Brussels when sperm were first successfully injected into the center of a human egg. But it has never been entirely clear whether the entire natural sequence of events leading to fertilization is being repeated after ICSI is performed. However the results in terms of live births have been encouraging and as a result there is a definite trend towards increasing use of these techniques. The European society for human reproduction and embryology in its annual reports point to this trend and it is assumed that this increase is both due to an increasing incidence of male fertility as well as increasing confidence in the outcome of this technique.
Another remarkable extension of this technique was when the first successful pregnancies were reported after the use of sperm that were surgically removed from the testes of men who do not have sperm in the semen. Although there were initial concerns about the plausibility of gaining healthy live babies from sperm that are still developing in the testes, the results over the years have given immense confidence to the medical community. As a result thousands of males who could not have imagined having a child have undergone the testicular sperm extraction procedure followed by ICSI and have children of their own.
But sperm pathologies have continued to remain a challenge and ongoing research has yielded few answers to the reason why many men fail to conceive despite all these advanced techniques and seemingly normal partners. There is plenty of evidence to show that genetic defects in the sperm could result in a form of self selection such that these genetically abnormal sperm fail to initiate or complete the sequence of events leading to a healthy embryo. These gene defects are not visible in a normal microscope nor can any sperm that has been exposed to tests to determine the presence of these defects be used for ICSI as these techniques are destructive to the cells. The only test that has shown a relationship to potential is the structural appearance of the sperm cells. These defects can be of numerous types with defects observed in the head, neck or tail of these cells. This simple test of observation is used during the ICSI technique while trying to select out sperm from among the millions of cells. As mentioned above, the most normal looking sperm are selected out using a microscopic size needle at a magnification level 200 times normal. But the power of this selection method is impeded by the magnification level that is achievable by the equipment that is designed for ICSI. This has led to researchers trying to more efficiently perform ICSI by discerning the various structural abnormalities that would not be visible with conventional technology.
A group of researchers in Israel first published their work on the IMSI (Intra-cytoplasmic morphologically selected sperm injection) technique in 2005 and this study was subsequently supported by clinical studies showing its efficacy in groups of patients with extremely severe sperm defects. In this advancement over ICSI, the sperm can be more closely examined reaching magnification levels more than 7000 times. Looking at sperm at this magnification shows defects in sperm head that cannot be seen in conventional microscopes used for ICSI. This has been an exciting new development and numerous births have been reported from extreme cases of male infertility.
Research into male fertility continues with some researchers taking up the challenge of finding methods of treatment in males whose testes do not have capacity to produce any sperm. There have been attempts in other species to create sperm cells from embryo stem cells but modern science is a long way from achieving this successfully with human cells. Until then ICSI and its more advanced version IMSI will be the answer to thousands of couples frequenting fertility clinics for treatment of sperm related problems that are not amenable to medicines or surgery.
If you want more detailed information that can help you, contact me at Morpheus ART Fertility Centers for knowing more about IVF Fertility infertility specialist,fertility centres that can provide the best affordable quality infertility,fertility treatments with advanced reproductive technologies like IVF,ART, GIFT, ZIFT, TET, ICSI,IMSI,donor egg,surrogacy services.
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IMSI write up by Dr. Sawas Thotathil
Morpheus Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd.,
Tel: 91 22 42030903
Fax: 91 22 42030901
www.morpheus-art.com
info.morpheus.
The principle of Clean room design starts from almost 150 years ago when these units were used for bacterial control in hospitals. Today, clean rooms have completed a long way and developed to the modern technology. In earlier day, these clean rooms were designed for fulfilling the requirement of clean environment for industrial manufacturing during 1950s and the same clean rooms are also used for variety of applications in many industries.
A clean room is defined as a place that provides attentively controlled environment that has a low level of environmental pollutants such as airborne microbes, dust, chemical vapors, and aerosol particles. When the air entered in a clean room it is filtered and then continuously circulated through high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) or ultra-low particulate air (ULPA) filters. These filters are used to remove internally generated contaminants. The persons, who work inside the clean room, wear protective clothing while enter and exit through airlocks, while equipment and furniture inside the clean room is specially designed to produce minimal particles.
Today, more than 30 different industry segments utilize clean rooms including semiconductor and other electronic components, pharmaceutical, and biotechnology industries.
Modern clean rooms were developed during the Second World War to improve the quality and reliability of instrumentation used in manufacturing guns, tanks and aircraft. During this time, HEPA filters were also developed to contain the dangerous radioactive, microbial or chemical contaminants that resulted from experiments into nuclear fission, as well as research into chemical and biological warfare.
On the other hand, clean rooms for manufacturing and military purposes were being developed; the importance of ventilation for contamination control in hospitals was being realized. The use of ventilation in a medical setting gradually became standard practice during this time.
The concept of laminar flow was introduced during 1950s and 1960s, when NASAs space travel program was initiated. This marked a turning point in clean room technology and from this time, the evolution of clean rooms gained momentum.
In the late 1950s, the Sandia Corporation (which later became Sandia National Laboratories) began investigating the excessive contamination levels found in clean rooms. Researchers found that clean rooms were being operated at the upper practical limits of cleanliness levels and identified a need to develop alternative clean room designs.
In 1961, Professor Sir John Charnley and Hugh Howorth, showed a tremendous improvement in unidirectional airflow by creating a downward flow of air from a much smaller area of the ceiling, directly over the operating table.
Also in 1961, the first standard written for clean rooms, known as Technical Manual TO 00-25-203, was published by the United States Air Force. This standard considered clean room design and airborne particle standards, as well as procedures for entry, clothing and cleaning.
In 1962, Patent No. 3158457 for the laminar flow room was issued. It was known as an ultra clean room.
By 1965, there have been several vertical down flow rooms were used in which the air flow ranged between 15 m (50 ft)/min and 30 m (100 ft)/min. It was during this time that the specification of 0.46 m/s air velocity and the requirement for 20 air changes an hour became the accepted standard.
By the early 1970s the principle of laminar flow had been translated from the laboratory to wide application in production and manufacturing processes.
The 1980s saw continued interest in the development of the clean room. By this stage, clean room technology had also become of particular interest to food manufacturers.
In 1987, a patent was filed for a system of partitioning the clean room to allow zones of particularly high-level cleanliness. This improved the efficiency of individual clean rooms by allowing areas to adopt different degrees of cleanliness according to the location and need.
In 1991, a patent was filed for a helmet system that can be used in a medical clean room in which the user is protected from contaminated air in the environment, while the patient is protected from contaminated air being exhausted from the users helmet. Such a device decreases the possibility of operating room personnel being contaminated with viruses carried by the patients being operated upon.
The pace of clean room technology transformation has accelerated over recent years. Since the year 2000, there have been significant advances in new clean room technology, which have helped to streamline manufacturing and research processes, while also reducing the risk of contamination. Most of the technological developments of the past decade have been directed towards the manufacture of sterile products, particularly aseptically filled products.
In 2003, Eli Lilly pioneered the development of a new system for the prevention and containment of cross contamination during the manufacture of pharmaceutical powders using a specially designed fog cart. This allows the operator to be covered by an exceptionally fine fog of water on exit from a critical area, virtually eliminating the risk of transferring dust traces beyond their proper confines.
The Future of Clean Rooms
Today, clean rooms are used in variety of applications. The presence of these units can be seen in the manufacturing of semiconductor and other electronic components, as well as in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. Furthermore clean room technology has more recently been applied to micro- and Nano-system processes, and this looks certain to be an area of growth in coming years. The development of clean room technology is likely to continue to be driven by certain key factors including the increasingly technical use of exotic physical and biological phenomena, the central role of increasingly fine structures, the creation and use of materials of the highest purity, and the increasingly broad-based utilization of biotechnology. Given the scale of these challenges, clean room technology looks set to remain indispensable to production in coming years.
CenTrak combine new technology to add battery life
CenTrak’s RTLS basement now combines this latest patented technology with a new dry array corpuscle to added than bifold array life. All Sony VGP-BPS13 battery activity abstracts accept the arrangement is operating ceaseless at a area amend acceleration of 3 seconds.
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Like light, Gen2IR will not canyon through walls and does not ache from acceptable bittersweet line-of-sight limitations. Therefore, if a tag reads a allowance number, there are no errors. This is certainty-based RTLS. Unlike estimation-based information(latitude d610 battery ), certainty-based area abstracts can be acclimated by hospitals to accomplish important improvements to action breeze and automate accommodation making. A lot of healthcare workflow improvements can alone be accomplished if the area abstracts is certainty-based.
CenTrak provides the a lot of authentic enterprise-wide absolute time area arrangement (RTLS) basement for the healthcare VGP-BPS9 market. Its patented Active-RFID/Gen2IR amalgam technology is acclimated for tracking humans and assets in real-time with 100% room/bed-level accuracy.
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The history of lighting is fascinating and includes philosophy, art, sciences and religion. Through an extensive timeline, we know that until early man discovered the element of fire quite by accident. He lived in darkness for half of his life. Lightning probably struck a nearby tree and set it on fire, revealing a source of light in addition to the sun and the moon.
But with fire, man could control it and generate heat for warmth and provide energy for cooking. This new source of light gave man a whole new definition of power and control moving him to the top of the food chain.
By bundling sticks together, fire became a torch to transport and light a path to other places. Later, man learned that grease and oil served as fuels for his fire and he could create holders for the fuel. He fashioned an animal horn, a shell, or a rock into a vessel for his fuel and fire. Then, man discovered how a wick added another measure of control, which eventually led to the invention of the candle.
Some people believe the greatest technology in history is the electric light bulb. It is the incandescent light bulb that freed our reliance on daylight. While candles led our way through darker ages, and gaslight was a little better, artificial electric lighting provided another level of control to take us from rudimentary technology to a new source enhancing our quality of life.
Thomas Edison is credited with the invention of the commercial electric light bulb and received a U.S. patent for his design. Edison received over 1,000 patents in his career and holds the record for the most patents granted to one person.
Today, light brightens the Earth from continent to continent as recorded by photography from outer space by satellites and Space Shuttle missions. The light bulb and electricity has afforded nations and humans to prosper and enjoy the fruits of modern technology, as we know it today.
To date, fire and electric lighting has moved our civilization and culture to further heights of luxury that only prosperity can provide. Now it is time to share with those who are less fortunate even in the 21st century. Some companies now donate a percentage of their profits to feed thousands of hungry children located in less fortunate nations. Some people choose to give back. What about you?